Bear Science Notes and Resources

This is a resource that can make you a better student. Use it wisely. Please comment and ask any questions you have about science.

Thursday, May 04, 2006

MAP topics from practice MAP science test

The Science MAP test covers what you've been doing since elementary school. I try my best to teach you a variety of things but I can't cover it all.
These are some other possible topics, I may have covered them at times. You will not find all MAP topics on this list.

1. Different body systems: Digestive, Nervous, endocrine (Hormones), etc.

2. If you drop a penny and an elephant off of a building, which will hit first???? In a vaccume (without air) everything falls at the same rate. They will hit together.

3. Force = Mass x Acceleration or F=MA

4. Remember that in Ecological Succession if land is wiped out with no soil the first community in will be a pioneer species and the final community will be a climax community.

5. The types of symbiosis are mutualism (they both help each other), commensalism (one benefits, one doesn't care), and Parasitism (One benefits, and one is harmed)

6. Erosion is when any form of water or air or both wash away a landscape. Erosion helped to form the grand canyon and helps form those nice round rocks we find in streams. In farming communities "Cover crops" are planted to prevent erosion.

7. The two types of energy are Kinetic and potential energy. Kinetic is the energy of motion and potential is stored energy.

8. Electrons are negative, protons are positive, and neutrons are neutral

9. Germination is the sprouting of a seed

10. If you are watching the weather and there is "high pressure" it's going to be a nice day!

11. Plant cell walls keep the plant ridgid and contain chitin or cellulose.

12. A calorie is an energy unit of heat that we measure the nutritional value of a food with. The more calories a food has the more heat units it contains.

13. Plate techtonics is the theory that earth's crust floats around on liquid lava. Geologic processes (ones that shape the earth) have been happening all throughout history. (4.5 billion years)

14. The faster something vibrates the higher pitched sound will be heard or measured.

15. On the bottom of leaves there are structures called stomates, these let gasses including water vapor leave or enter the plant.

16. Rocks that have been formed by ancient shells such as the white cliffs of dover are called sedimentary rocks.

17. A physical change doesn't change the atomic structure of the molecule such as boiling or freezing water, the molecule is still H2O. A chemical change actually changes the molecule.

18. The round structure of the earth indicates that it was once a liquid (Magma or liquid rock)

19. The Big Bang theory says that the universe was created through a huge explosion and continues to expand today. When we observe the sky with telescopes we can witness new stars forming because their light is just now reaching us due to the fact the light travels only so fast.

20. If you filled a sealed container with soil, water, and seeds and created a closed system (nothing in or out). A plant would grow. What would the mass be after the plant grew compaired to before it grew? It would be the same.

21. The law of the conservation of Mass says that mass is never created or destroyed in a closed system.

22. The law of the conservation of Energy says that energy is never created or destroyed but only changes into different forms.

23. Faults are weak parts of the Earth's crust where two techtonic plates slide past each other. Earthquakes are more likely to occur on faults. Seismographs measure earth quakes.

24. If you start swing a pendulum and shorten the string it will swing faster.

25. Amphibians are "cold blooded or exothermic" they regulate their temperature with the environment. Mammals are "warm blooded" or endothermic, they regulate their own themperature.

26. Meiosis is sometimes called "reduction division" because it is reducing the number of chromosomes to 1/2 when they make the sex cells.

27. Sex cells arer haploid and are sometimes called gametes.

28. Body cells are diploid because their chromosomes occur in pairs.

29. RNA is read off in frames of 3 letters such as AUG GGC AUU and each of these is the code for a protien to be made. The 3 letter sequence is called a codon.

30. Inertia- A body at rest will remain at rest. A body in motion will remain in motion. The more mass the more inertia. This is why your body remains moving forward if you get into a car accident. Your body has inertia. Wear your seatbelt!

31. Parts of a cell. (know em')

32. Insulin is a hormone made from your pancreas decreases your blood sugar. If your body has trouble making insulin you may have diabetes.

33. When making crystals the final shape is determined by the atomic structure.

DNA


Chapter 4 section 3 DNA
Challenge problems. (extra credit if you figure them out! Type it up and pass it in)
Why can wolves and coyotes still mate even though they are different species?

Where is the difference between chimps and humans on their chromosomes?

Objectives: Identify parts of DNA.

Explain how DNA copies itself.

Describe RNA and each type of RNA.

Vocab: DNA

RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)

Gene

Mutations

Nitrogen base

  • When a cell divides the chromosomes are duplicated so each cell has a full copy.
  • DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is located on the chromosomes. See picture on page 112. DNA is super-coiled to fit into very compact chromosomes.

Discovery of DNA, History:

  • Rosalin Franklin took a picture of DNA through X-ray.
  • DNA is like a twisted ladder called a Double helix.
  • 1953- Watson and Crick made a model of DNA after discovering the structure.

What is DNA made up of?

  • 1) Nitrogen bases
    • Guanine G can only pair with C.
    • Cytosine
    • Adenine A can only pair with T.
    • Thymine

o 2) Phosphate- The sides of the ladder or the backbone of DNA

o 3) Sugar- The sides of the ladder or the backbone of DNA

What would pair with the sequence AATGCCGTC?

How many nitrogen bases?

Because G always pairs with C and A always pairs with T we can find out how much of each nitrogen base is in a given segment of DNA.

What are the percentages of A, T, and C if the percentage of G is 20%?

Copying DNA

  • The DNA unzipps- the two strands separate
  • Each side becomes a pattern for the new strand
  • The new DNA is identical to the parent strand

Genes- Brainstorm- What is a gene? What do we know about genes?

Definition-

  • A gene is a section of DNA code that instructs your proteins to assemble in a certain way. (genes build proteins)
  • Proteins do everything in your body and give you your traits. Genes are responsible for what kind of protein is built.
  • What might happen if the protein was made wrong?

Making Proteins-

  • Genes are found on chromosomes (in the nucleus.)
  • Proteins are made on ribosomes (outside of the nucleus)
  • The code needs to be transferred from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (to the ribosome)
  • RNA carries the code

RNA-

  • Like DNA but only one strand, one side of the ladder.
  • In DNA the sugar is deoxyribose
  • In RNA the sugar is just ribose
  • In RNA Thymine is replaced with Uracil
  • If one side of a DNA strand was ATCTACTTC, what would that be in RNA?

3 kinds of RNA-

  • mRNA- messenger RNA

-directs the order that amino acids are assembled to make proteins

  • t RNA- transfer RNA

-brings amino acids (the pieces of proteins) to the ribosomes

  • rRNA- ribosomal RNA

-Ribosomes are made of r RNA

What happens-

  • Protein production begins when mRNA moves into the cytoplasm
  • 3 ribosomes then attach
  • tRNA brings amino acids (the pieces of proteins) to the ribosome
  • In the ribosome 3 nitrogen bases (UAG or C) on mRNA temporarily match with 3 nitrogen bases on tRNA.
  • The code carried on the mRNA directs the order in which the amino acids bond.
  • This process repeats and repeats till the protein is made.
  • The order in which amino acids bond gives each protein a specific role or job. Different orders of amino acids will give the protein a different function.
  • There a great picture of the process on page 115. Figure 17.

Controlling Genes

  • Not every cell uses all the genes coded in the chromosomes.
  • Cells turn off or turn on genes they need or don’t need.

Mutations

  • Mistakes in copying DNA (Happens mostly in sex cell formation, meiosis)

Results- Non-function of genes

  • Extra chromosomes
  • Advantage (the protein could work better)
  • Mutations are the raw material for natural selection

How do we get mutations?

· Natural mistakes in copying

· X-rays, sunlight (UV rays), chemicals, carcinogens